<<Flat           |          Sharp>>

As seen in the staff above, the typical Bach C trumpet suffers from a "zig-zag" intonation pattern. This necessitates false fingering and/or embouchure adjustment by the player. As a result, the timbre often changes from note to note.

Typical Bach C trumpet intonation pattern:

• G4 is flat

• E5 (and Eb) is flat

• G5 is sharp

                   <<Flat      |     Sharp>>

The intonation pattern after our recalibration is significantly improved. On the staff above, the width of each note in this staff is 10 musical cents.

When the notes overlap, you are assured that the intonation is at or below the level of the best human testers (plus or minus 5 musical cents).

All notes are in tune at or below the level of human discrimination.

Using perturbation theory as developed by Bill Cardwell and put to use by Gary Bast, we analyzed dozens of Bach C trumpets in order to develop an accurate and repeatable air column recalibration to give you the Bach sound with intonation at or below the level of human discrimination.

This analysis is done using a salpingometer, which allows us to measure intonation patterns to 1/17th of a percent (1 musical cent), and air column optimization techniques developed and outlined by Bill Cardwell (US Patent 3,507,181").

Do not confuse this with conversions done by repair men. This is a scientific approach to correcting intonation error patterns.

"It is Logical"